No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
copyright owner.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal,
personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS)
provided the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923; telephone: (978) 750-8400; Internet: www.copyright.com.
The Welding Handbook is the result of the collective effort of many volunteer technical specialists who provide
information to assist with the design and application of welding and allied processes.
The information and data presented in the Welding Handbook, and this chapter, are intended for informational
purposes only. Reasonable care is exercised in the compilation and publication of the Welding Handbook to ensure
the authenticity of the contents. However, no representation is made as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness
of this information, and an independent, substantiating investigation of the information should be undertaken by
the user.
The information contained in the Welding Handbook shall not be construed as a grant of any right of manufac-
ture, sale, use, or reproduction in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or sys-
tem, which is covered by patent, copyright, or trademark. Also, it shall not be construed as a defense against any
liability for such infringement. Whether the use of any information in the Welding Handbook would result in an
infringement of any patent, copyright, or trademark is a determination to be made by the user.

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