API PUBL 4713:2002 pdf download.Test Report: Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit at a Refinery (Site A) Characterization of Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from Stationary Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
In 1997, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated new ambient air standards for particulate matter, including, for the first time, particles with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (µm), also referred to as PM2.5. There are few existing data regarding emissions and characteristics of fine aerosols from petroleum industry combustion sources, and such information that is available is fairly old. Traditional stationary source air emission sampling methods tend to underestimate or overestimate the contribution of some sources to ambient aerosols because they do not properly account for primary aerosol formation which occurs after the gases leave the stack. This issue was extensively reviewed by API in a recent report (England et al., 1997) which concluded that dilution sampling techniques are more appropriate for obtaining a representative sample from combustion systems. These techniques, which have been widely used in research studies (Hildemann et al., 1994; McDonald et al., 1998), use clean ambient air to dilute the stack gas sample and provide 80-90 seconds residence time for aerosol formation prior to sample collection for determination of mass and chemical speciation.
As a result of the API review, a test protocol was developed based on the dilution sampling system described in this report, which was then used to collect particulate emissions data from petroleum industry combustion sources, along with emissions data obtained from conventional sampling methods. This test program is designed to provide reliable source emissions data for use in assessing the contribution of petroleum industry combustion sources to ambient PM2.5 concentrations. The goals of this test program were to: • Develop emission factors and speciation profiles for emissions of primary fine particulate matter (i.e., particulate present in the stack flue gas including condensible aerosols), especially organic aerosols from gas-fired combustion devices; and • Identify and characterize secondary particulate (i.e., particulate formed via reaction of stack emissions in the atmosphere) precursor emissions.A slipstream of the mixed and diluted sample was drawn into a chamber where it resided for approximately 80 seconds to allow time for low-concentration aerosols, especially organics, to condense and grow. The diluted and aged sample then passed through cyclone separators sized to remove particles larger than 2.5 microns, after which samples were collected on various media: high-purity quartz, Teflon ¨ membrane (TMF), and Teflon ¨ -impregnated glass fiber (TIGF) filters; a polyurethane foam (PUF)/ Amberlite ¨ sorbent resin (XAD-4)/PUF cartridge to collect gas-phase SVOC; and a Tenax cartridge to collect VOC. Three samples were collected on three sequential test days.
API PUBL 4713:2002 pdf download
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