API Publ 4704:2001 pdf download.Gas Fired Heater-Test Report Site B Characterization of Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from Stationary Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
Emission factors for all species measured were extremely low, which is expected for gas-fired sources. Emission factors for primary particulate, including: total particulate, PM 1 O (particles smaller than nominally 10 micrometers), and PM2.5; elements; ionic species; and organic and elemental carbon are presented in Table E- 1. Since the process heater was firing refinery process gas with a heating value different from natwal gas, emission factors are expressed in pounds of pollutant per million British thermal units of gas fired (lb/MMBtu). All tests were performed in triplicate. As a measure of the bias, precision, and variability of the results, the uncertainty and 95% confidence upper bound also are presented. Emission factors for semi-volatile organic species are presented in Table E-2. The sum of semi- volatile organic species is approximately 3% of the organic carbon. Emission factors for secondary particulate precursors (NO,, S02, and volatile organic species with carbon number of 7 or greater) are presented in Table E-3. The preceding tables include only those substances that were detected in at least one of the three test runs. Substances of interest that were not present above the minimum detection limit for these tests are listed in Table E-4. A single ambient air sample was collected at the site. In some cases, the emission factors reported in Tables E-1 to E-3 resulted from in-stack concentrations that were near ambient air concentrations. Those in-stack species concentrations that are within a factor of 10 of the ambient air concentration are indicated on the table by an asterisk (*).
Particulate mass emissions from the process heater were extremely low, consistent with levels expected for gaseous fuel combustion. Two methods for determining the average emission factor for primary PM2.5 mass gave results which differed in magnitude by a factor of 89:0.000054 IbíMMBtu using the dilution tunnel; and 0.0048 IbíMMBtu using conventional in-stack methods for filterable and condensible particulate. Sampling and analytical artifacts principally caused by gaseous SO2 in the stack gas were shown to produce a relatively large positive bias in condensible particulate as measured by conventional in-stack methods. Most of the difference between the dilution tunnel and conventional method results can be explained by these measurement artifacts. The results using conventional EPA methods are nominally consistent with published EPA emission factors for external combustion of natwal gas (U. S. EPA, 1998). Therefore, the published EPA emission factors derived from tests using similar measurement methods also may be positively biased. Chemical species accounting for 100% of the measured PM2.5 mass were quantified. Organic and elemental carbon comprise 49% of the measured primary PM2.5 mass. Sulfate, ammonium, chloride and nitrate together account for approximately 32% of the measured PM2.5 mass; sulfate alone accounts for approximately 22%. Cobalt, calcium, silicon, copper, zinc, iron, aluminum and lanthanum account for approximately 17% of the measured PM2.5 mass. Smaller amounts of ten other detected elements comprise the remaining 2%. Most elements are not present at levels significantly above the background levels in the ambient air or the minimum detection limits of the test methods.
API Publ 4704:2001 pdf download
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