API Publ 4703:2001 pdf download.Gas Fired Boiler—Test Report Refinery Site A Characterization of Fine Particulate Emission Factors and Speciation Profiles from Stationary Petroleum Industry Combustion Sources
Emission factors for all species measured are extremely low, which is expected for gas-fired sources. Emission factors for primary particulate, including: total particulate, PM10 (particles smaller than nominally 10 micrometers), and PM2.5; elements; ionic species; and organic and elemental carbon are presented in Table E-1. Since the boiler was firing refinery process gas with a heating value different from natural gas, emission factors are expressed in pounds of pollutant per million British thermal units of gas fired (lb/MMBtu). All tests were performed in triplicate. As a measure of the bias, precision, and variability of the results, the uncertainty and 95 percent confidence upper bound also are presented. Emission factors for semivolatile organic species are presented in Table E-2. The sum of semivolatile organic species is approximately three percent of the organic carbon. Emission factors for secondary particulate precursors (NO x , SO 2 , and volatile organic species with carbon number of 7 or greater) are presented in Table E-3. The preceding tables include only those substances that were detected in at least one of the three test runs. Substances of interest that were not present above the minimum detection limit for these tests are listed in Table E-4. A single ambient air sample was collected at the site. In some cases, the emission factors reported in Tables E-1 to E-3 resulted from in-stack concentrations that were near ambient air concentrations. Those species concentrations that are within a factor of 10 of the ambient air concentration are indicated on the table by an asterisk (*). The primary particulate results presented in Table E-1 also may be expressed as a PM2.5 speciation profile, which is the mass fraction of each species contributing to the total PM2.5 mass. The speciation profile is presented in Figure E-1.
Particulate mass emissions from the boiler were extremely low, consistent with levels expected for gaseous fuel combustion. · Two methods for determining the average emission factor for primary PM2.5 mass gave results which differed in magnitude by a factor of 27: 0.000358 lb/MMBtu using the dilution tunnel; and 0.00974 lb/MMBtu using conventional in-stack methods for filterable and condensible particulate. · Sampling and analytical artifacts principally caused by gaseous SO 2 in the stack gas were shown to produce a relatively large positive bias in condensible particulate as measured by conventional in-stack methods. Most of the difference between the dilution tunnel and conventional method results can be explained by these measurement artifacts. The results using conventional EPA methods are nominally consistent with published EPA emission factors for external combustion of natural gas (U. S. EPA, 1998). Therefore, the published EPA emission factors derived from tests using similar measurement methods also may be positively biased. · Chemical species accounting for 74 percent of the measured PM2.5 mass were quantified. · Organic and elemental carbon comprise 68 percent of the measured primary PM2.5 mass. · Sulfates, iron, copper, chloride, and smaller amounts of other elements account for another 6 percent of the measured PM2.5 mass.
API Publ 4703:2001 pdf download
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