API Publ 4701:2000 pdf download.American Petroleum Institute Environmental, Health and Safety Mission and Guiding Principles
On March 23, 1995, USEPA finalized the Water Quality Guidance for the Great Lakes System, otherwise known as the GLI. Implementation of the GLI began two years later in the states surrounding the Great Lakes. The GLI sets three types of water quality standards for (1) the protection of aquatic life; (2) the protection of human health; and (3) the protection of wildlife. Although the GLI only finalized water quality criteria for a handful of chemicals, the guidance sets forth the process for determining additional criteria for many more chemicals. Bioaccumulation is a critical consideration in the derivation of both human health and wildlife criteria. Protection of Human Health. The GLI contains human health criteria, known as human cancer values and human noncancer values, for 18 pollutants, as well as methodologies to derive criteria for additional chemicals. Separate methodologies are provided for chemicals that meet minimum data requirements (Tier I), and chemicals for which less information is available (Tier II). In all cases, bioaccumulation factors are used to derive water quality criteria to protect individuals from adverse health effects (including an increased cancer risk of 1 in 100,000 or 1 x 1 0 -5 ) due to consumption of aquatic organisms and water, including incidental ingestion of water during recreational activities.
Protection of Wildlife. The GLI contains criteria for the protection of wildlife for four chemicals (DDT and its metabolites, mercury, PCBs, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and a methodology to derive criteria for all other bioaccumulative chemicals of concern. The wildlife criteria are designed to protect mammals and birds from adverse effects due to consumption of food and/or water from the Great Lakes system. Unlike criteria for human health, the wildlife criteria focus on endpoints related to reproduction and population survival, rather than effects on individuals. The wildlife species selected for evaluation in the GLI include those species in the Great Lakes Basin expected to have the highest exposures to bioaccumulative chemicals through the aquatic food web: bald eagle, herring gull, belted kingfisher, mink, and river otter.
The objective of the USEPA’s PBT strategy is to reduce risks to human and ecological health by reducing exposure to PBT pollutants. PBT chemicals are defined by USEPA as those chemicals that are resistant to degradation in the environment, remain in the environment a long time, and may travel long distances (persistent); accumulate in fish and other organisms (bioaccumulative); and have been demonstrated to cause adverse effects in humans or wildlife (toxic). To date, USEPA has identified 12 PBT chemicals, including mercury, dioxins, and one PAH (benzo(a)pyrene). USEPA’s program is designed to address issues on an Agency-wide basis. Over the last year, several program offices have developed strategies to manage PBT chemicals and meet the PBT goals, as described below.
API Publ 4701:2000 pdf download
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