This paper will review the significant manufacturing and processing benefits that arise from this new class of
secondary-hardening steels, and analyze the potential implications and opportunities. C61 and C64 were
computationally designed to take advantage of high-temperature, low-pressure (i.e. vacuum) carburization
technology, in part by combining carburizing and austenitizing steps as well as being designed to have very
high hardenability. The very high hardenability of these steels permits a mild gas quench subsequent to
low-pressure vacuum carburizing and reduces part distortion, thus reducing grind stock removal, simplifying
final machining and heat treat operations. A framework analysis will be used to compare total
manufacturing/production costs and impacts (including environmental) of these new steels versus traditional
gear steels. Conclusions and recommendations will be drawn regarding best manufacturing practices and
appropriate use of these new steels for product applications.

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